Bichlorides

Getting two pieces for young women can be one of the most sweet things guys can do – but also one of the most hectic and dangerous donation to acquire.

Keep in mind it’s not yours, but it’s your girlfriend’s. Put behind you leather, PVC, or French Maid outfit, decide for something shiny or lacey and should be OK.

Avoid to attempt to speculate her dimension, favourite type Unluckily, girls don’t use S, medium, L, and XL sizes in the same way as bloke. Do your enquiries to start with. Wait until she set out and then raid her nickers drawer.

Attempt to find things with the tag in it and make a note of the shapes and styles she likes. Take into account that add-ons like lace and ornaments can be sophisticated and sexy if you be aware of what your partner prefers. I understood that my woman likes Lingerie underwear. I didn’t know bikini were simply for the seashore. Check this sexy cut out swimsuits from designers such as Sunflair, Gok Wan, Gottex, Seafolly, Moontide and Miracle Suit.

Bikini two-pieces instead can refer to practically any sort of skin-tight skimpy, or transparent undergarment that presents less coverage to the midsection than conventional underwear, panties or knickers. As a matter of fact Lingerie Knickers replicates what you observe on the seaside.

The Lingerie has developed into a US$811 million trade annually and it is maybe the most admired female bathing suit around the globe because of the amalgamation of the women’s power and fashion trends.

It is a 3000 years old innovation. Bathing suit costume worn by women for activity intent are on Greek vases and pictures dating back to the XV C. BC.

An antique picture entitled “Bikini Girls” dating back to the Diocletian period (286-305 AD) in South of Italy shows several ladies in mosaics on the floor.

In Pompeii there are also several demonstrations of the Greek goddess Venere in a two piece.

The current bathing suit started to come into sight once more in 1907, when Australian swimmer, Annette Kellerman was put in prison on a Boston beach for having very tight bathing suit that became established swimming suit for women by 1910

The modern two piece was created by French engineer Louis Réard just after the second world war and was an amazement when it became visible on French coasts in 1947. He decided to call it after Lingerie Atoll in the Pacific ocean, the spot of a atomic bomb test on the first of July in 1946. The reason was that the detonation of enthusiasm created by it would be like a nuclear explosion.

A propos of acquiring Lingerie for gift bear in mind that most shops will competently gift wrap your acquisition for you if you ask for a tiny fee and it is well worth paying a bit on top for. Along with I recommend to keep the receipt – just in case.

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Linux terminals share alot in common with their primitive ancestors such as vt100 like consoles. These early devices is capable of sending sequences that signaled events outside of the normal flow of typed characters, such as escape, tab, linefeed…etc. Linux uses CTRL key to send out these out of band signals. This article summarises many of the commonly used control sequences that are used in all Linux terminals.

CTRL-C
This is the most commonly used sequence. In the bash shell, CTRL-C will terminate any currently running process and return you to the bash prompt. For example, if you accidentally run a command that does not stop, use CTRL-C to cancel the command.

CTRL-D
Many Unix commands read their input directly from the keyboard. An example is the WC command. WC counts the number of lines, words and characters that a user types in from the keyboard. So if you tpye WC at the command prompt, the command will wait for your input till you use CTRL-D to signal the end of transmission.

CTRL-Z
CTRL-Z means to suspend a program. For example, you are working with a command and you want to stop it temporary as it is taking too long. To do that, you can use CTRL-Z. You can later restore back the command using the fg command.

CTRL-U
If you have messed up a certain command and you want to start all over, instead of using backspace, you can use CTRL-U. CTRL-U resets the current line.

CTRL-H
Instead of using the backspace key, you can use CTRL-H to function the same way. Unless the backspace key is malfunctioned or mapped wrongly, this sequence serves very little purpose.

CTRL-L
If your screen is too cluttered with unwanted information, you can clear the screen using CTRL-L.

CTRL-S
Freeze your screen. This is a good command to use if you decide to go for a coffee break and do not want any process to run till you are back.

CTRL-Q
This sequence is exactly the opposite to CTRL-S. If you have freezed the screen before, you use this command to unfreeze it.

CTRL-J
Functions the same way as the RETURN key.

CTRL-G
Makes a terminal beep sound for fun and entertainment.

Control Sequences are important to all Linux / Unix users. Some sequences are important while some are useless today. It is worth memorising the first few sequences as described in this article.

Bernard Peh is a great passioner of web technologies and one of the co-founders of Sitecritic.net internet articles. He works with experienced web designers and developers everyday, developing and designing commercial websites. He specialises mainly in SEO and PHP work.

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My email is overflowing with seminar information about programs at upcoming trade shows. I’m like every one else whose time is at a premium. How can I maximize my time when I am at the show? How can I stay informed with the latest innovations?

Almost every trade event now has a conference track that runs concurrently. These are usually well publicized in advance so have time to register and in most instances are able get a discount for early registration. In some cases the conference is in advance of the actual show so it doesn’t detract from time in front of the exhibitors. In any case it’s wise to plan your conference schedule as early as possible.

Look at your travel agenda and determine how much time you can set aside to attend a conference session/s. Review the program information. In most cases there will be a very diverse selection of offerings. Look to see who the session is targeting. If your title or job description is listed then it’s a good bet this is something you should attend. Check out the speakers and their
companies. Are these the people you want to meet? Can you benefit from their expertise? It’s easy to check out your speakers by doing a GOOGLE search. Type in the presenters name in quotations and see what turns up.

Is the session presenting “fresh” material or trotting out some old “has been” that hasn’t had a new thought in 20 years? Note: many of the conferences do not pay speakers; they hope that companies will provide speakers for free to promote their products and services. So it’s important to determine whether
this “content” is worthy of your time or is it just a company “advertorial.” In my opinion, most of the time these sessions aren’t worth investing your time. Watch out for “free” sessions too. Unless this is a “paid” expert hired to increase show attendance, it’s usually not worth going.

Can you access the information or material in any other way? I know in my case when I speak its based on recent research which I turn into a report that can be purchased after the event. Many times you can find an article or report for purchase that covers the same subject also. Look for sessions with information that you can’t get in any other way or ones that have a “stellar”
selection of presenters. If you can’t attend a particular session, find out if it will be repeated or how you can access the information after the event.

See how long the session will be and at what time of day. Can you combine a session with your lunch break? Breakfast sessions have now become very popular. Why not eat and learn at the same time? Is the information something that can benefit others in your organization? Get some brownie points by coming back with valuable insights.

If you have no reference point for any of the sessions, look to see who is a sponsor. Is it a company that has a good reputation or a trade organization that you respect? You can always call them and ask about the speakers or the event. You can even complain to them if the speaker is a “dog.” So whatever seminar you decide to attend be sure and plan early and maximize your time at the event.

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It is now common thing when large corporation selects mid-market ERP or so-called standard functionality MRP solution as its corporate accounting system. Microsoft Business Solutions Great Plains is very good candidate. As all MBS ERPs it has MS SQL Server 2000/2005 database platform and allows you to deploy customizable and altered solution, serving large corporation HR department. If you use US / Canadian Payroll module as paycheck solution for internal employees – you probably don’t need custom logic. In this small article we’ll show you the way of tailored integrated solution for nation-wide placement agency.

• The Market. There is huge placement market in healthcare – registered/certified nurses, also we see growing placement market in other industries, especially looking for temporary workforce: wholesale & retail, manufacturing, agriculture, etc.

• Paychecks. Temps might work for one or several of your regional clients and they may decide to walk in to one of your regional offices to request immediate paycheck for their weekly work. Each office should be capable to issue paycheck immediately and the problem is to process and post it in Great Plains. Definitely you can use eConnect to create work checks, but eConnect doesn’t allow you to post transactions, this is why you need custom solution. If you are large company – you may have a need to issue several thousand checks per day – automatic posting is the must.

• Additional Complications. US and Canadian payroll regulations have specific payroll deductions. If the paycheck amount is small – there is no sense to withhold the deduction (it is designed for regular employees, who get their paychecks twice per month). So, these deductions should be accrued in the custom logic and then paid when specific criteria are met.

• Customization Tools. In the described case we suggest to use SQL stored procedures for calculating checks and Dexterity process server to post checks (creating SQL stored procs for posting would be virtual rewriting 40% of Great Plains Dexterity based payroll module). And of course eConnect should be used to pull employee/temp master record: deductions, state tax, local taxes, address, etc.

• Targeted Clientele. We certainly understand that placement & recruiting midsize and small market is underserved. We have to tell you here that proposed solution is for large corporate clients only. It is expensive to tailor it for the unique business (we know that each placement business is unique).

Currently we are confident in MS Great Plains ability to automate the following industries: Aerospace & Defense, Chemicals, Oil & Gas, Advertising & Publishing, Distribution & Logistics, Beverages, Supply Chain Management (SCM), Pharmaceutical, Nonprofit, Healthcare/Hospitals, Wholesale/Retail, Manufacturing/Assembling, International Business/Multinational Corporation, Government.

You can always have us help you, give us a call: 1-630-961-5918 or 1-866-528-0577, help@albaspectrum.com

Andrew Karasev is consultant and CTO in Alba Spectrum Technologies ( http://www.albaspectrum.com ) – Microsoft Business Solutions partner, serving clients in Illinois, New York, California, Florida, Georgia, Texas, Arizona, Virginia, Minnesota, Canada, UK, Europe, Australia, Asia, Russia. He is Microsoft Great Plains certified master, Great Plains Dexterity, Microsoft CRM SDK C#.Net, Crystal Repots developer. You can reach Andrew: akarasev@albaspectrum.com

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There are a good deal of reasons why you would require a garden shed and luckily there are cheap garden sheds to suit just about every need. Garden Sheds can be bought just about all over but what you will observe is the price will change enormously. You shouldn’t have to forego the shed you desire because it is too dear though. A garden shed is something you buy once and utilize for years and when you have a look on the net you can discover Garden sheds at some pretty silly prices. I do not mean silly and cheap as in quality but as in cost. You’ll find you can acquire the shed you want for the price of the one you were close to settle for a lot less and if you have a garden that you tend to every day you will most in all probability want to look into wooden garden sheds as a place to put the tools, water hose and fertilizer and so forth.

Looking after your tools and having them easily obtainable is a real good idea. You can find cheap reliable sheds on the internet that are the very same sheds you’d buy in the store. As A Matter Of Fact, you can go to the store and shop even touch them to check if it’s what you require then you can go online and purchase it for a lot lower price. The difference in price is significant!

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Three views about when the removal of believers takes place are held by most Christians throughout the world. Those who think we are taken at the beginning of the great tribulation are pre-tribulationists. Those who think the snatching away takes place in the middle of the great tribulation are the mid-trib folks. Finally there are the post tribulationists, which is self explanatory.

Anyone holding one of the three views mentioned has an ample supply of proof texts to support their views. Very few proof texts are available for the post tribulation theory and it is barely supportable. Most people are on the side of the pre-tribulation rapture; unfortunately it is often for the wrong reasons. Many people view a pre-tribulation rapture as an enormous escape hatch. When the going gets rough the pretribulationists just get going, or just get gone. The fact that their views may be correct doesn’t diminish the fact that it is the view most likely to leave the believer unprepared.

It is human nature to take the path of least resistance but it is high folly to think it will be available right at the point when things start really getting rough. The bottom line for the unprepared is that they can only hope their views are right. But hope is a long way from preparedness.

Many Christians have failed to do the math, not to mention engaging good sense. It is easy to see why this could happen considering that no one really wants to see their world torn up from the roots, and in the vast sticky quagmire of apocalyptic interpretations and speculations it is easy to get confused. As a result they have not noticed that one of the simplest ways to know when the rapture will take place is clearly provided in scripture. It is not so much when, but it is the latest point at which it could happen, and also a promise that it can’t happen before a specific event.

The prophet Daniel spoke of it hundreds of years before Christ. Jesus reiterated it with a few more details. Finally the book of Revelation shows it as a pivotal event in the judgment to come. Simply put the event is the abomination of desolation. When ye therefore shall see the abomination desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy place, (whoso readeth, let him understand.) Mt 24:15 And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate. Daniel 11:31 And from the time that the daily sacrifice shall be taken away, and the abomination that maketh desolate set up, there shall he a thousand two hundred amid ninety days. Daniel 12:11

The time is halfway through the last seven years in which the antichrist rules the world. The result is the pouring out of the wrath of God. Rev 16:2. Without getting bogged down in eschatological theory, semantic word games or other second coming hype here is the picture in all of its blaring simplicity. Since the wrath of God is not poured out until the antichrist does the abomination of desolation that means this is the last point we could possibly be on the earth according to the promise of I Thessalonians 1:10. Because this is true, that puts the mid-tribulationists at the top of the list of those who are most likely to have it right. This kind of interpretation comes under the heading of… if the scripture makes plain sense, seek no other sense.

I always appendage my teaching on the rapture with this equally important fact, the rapture could come at any time God chooses to make it happen. All theology is subject to the ultimate sovereignty of God. The pre-tribulation theory is the most petted, preferred and defended for a reason. The reason is that believers fail to differentiate between who and what is causing the tribulation in those last days. The antichrist makes trouble for the believer, and then God makes trouble for the antichrist. We are promised that God will not pour his wrath out on his own but we are never promised that we can escape the troubles incurred at the onset of the rule of the antichrist. Rather, we are told to resist his rule which of itself implies trouble Mk 8:35.

In a country where we are waiting for more of Gods unbridled blessings it is hard to teach believers that they may not only have to give something up to fight evil, but ultimately that something, may be their lives, literally. If your rapture theology includes the possibility that you may have to give up your life, you may he happy to find out that even if you held the wrong view you couldn’t possibly lose anything. More importantly if you are not wrong at the very least you will be prepared.

Being ready is part of Gods plan for us when it has to do with his return. In fact it is a command and an expectation that our Savior has clearly made known to all of us. Therefore be ye also ready: for in such an hour as ye think not the Son of man cometh. Mt 24:44

Rev Bresciani is the author of two popular Christian books. He has also written dozens of articles both online and in print.

Please visit the website www.americanprophet.org

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Copyright 2006 Daniel N Brown

What brought about your current circumstances? Have you ever really thought hard about it?

Consider your job, your finances, your health, your relationships. Do you ever wonder what brought about the conditions of each area? How much of it was God? How much of it was you, or someone you know?

“Psalm 37:23 says, “The steps of a good man are ordered by the Lord.” If God orders our steps, then we can be certain that He has our best interest at heart. Some areas where He leads us may not always be pleasant, but it’s all good, and will have a good ending.

Now, notice Psalm 37:23 says, “Our steps are ordered.” Even though He orders our steps, are we following through? Many times we really have to listen for God’s voice. He rarely screams at us. He usually speaks in a still small voice that we can easily overlook. He also can say something through another person. It those instances, when we hear what’s being spoken, we know it’s God because it catches us off guard and hits us like a ton of bricks!

Proverbs 14:12 says, “There is a way that seems right to man, but it’s end is the way of death.” This is the voice of the flesh, and it always screams at us, begging us to give it what it wants. It’s completely selfish and usually does no one else any good at all unless it can get something out of it too.

Jesus said, “Whatsoever things you desire, when you pray, believe that you receive them and you shall have them” (Mark 11:24). This is the law of attraction. Whether you are following through with what God has ordered, or whether you are obeying the voice of the flesh, you will attract certain circumstances that may be either good or bad for your life.

The conditions you are currently in are not by accident. Probably just like you, I have had some real tough times in my past and made excuses and cast blame on God and other people. I always played the role of the victim and rendered myself completely helpless in many situations.

One day it hit me when my pastor said something in a sermon. It caused me to finally admit to myself that I had made some bad decisions by obeying the voice of the flesh instead of listening to what God what saying. I don’t even remember what my pastor said, but I know God used him to speak to me that day.

It was only until I took full responsibility for my circumstances, is when positive change came about. I then became empowered and finally saw the light at the end of the tunnel.

Yes, I definitely made some bad decisions, but was eventually able to get things straightened out. It is a fact that good judgment comes from wisdom, and wisdom comes from having poor judgment.

I challenge you to take an inventory of your life and look for those times when you may have obeyed your flesh rather than God. Let down your pride and ask yourself, “How much of that is my own fault?” You might be surprised and discover new strength and power.

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Having a house is every adults dream. We all want to buy a house some day to have our own space where we can be us. Buy the furniture we like, decorate it how we like it, the right type of lighting, the perfect stereo, the awesome plasma TV, and all the things that make you unique in this world, like your art preferences and your taste. Some of us are a little messy and some of are very clean organized people, who have a certain spot for every single thing and it looks like stuff never moves. It always looks completely immaculate.

The one thing that I see missing from all the homes I have visited in my lifetime whether really clean or not is scent. As soon as you walk in to any home and there is this great aroma and makes you feel very welcome, even if it’s not so clean. A good scent can make any house feel more like a home. So make sure that you have plenty of things around it like scented candles, potpourri, and those plug in scents that are automated to make your house smell good. Take a day out of your week and put this to work there are plenty of stores that have really cools tuff that can help you, or you can buy stuff from the comfort of your own home online, and while you are there make sure you don’t forget to order the Acceletrim weight loss supplement, to keep you on in shape.

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The Doomsday Factor.

Revelation 18:3-18:8

The Doomsday Factor.
The First and Second Jewish Temples were Located on the Temple Mount, which is in danger of collapse. Many christians today have no idea that there is prophecy of the three temples. Many even denigh the fact. But The temple mount is the center of all prophecy and conflict between the Isralies and Muslims. The Anti- Christ will put his image in the third temple and cause it to speak.
2Pe 2:1-3. “But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. And through covetousness shall they with feigned words make merchandise of you: whose judgment now of a long time lingereth not, and their damnation slumbereth not.”
Here is prophecy being fulfilled. The Israeli rabbinical council involved with re-establishing the Sanhedrin, is calling upon all groups involved in Temple Mount research to prepare detailed architectural plans for the reconstruction of the Jewish Holy Temple.[The Third Temple.] Muslims believe the Temple Mount is the place where Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, ascended to heaven. On the other hand, for Jews and Christians, the Temple Mount is the place where the Jewish temple once stood and is the “center of spiritual and religious national aspirations of the Jews in Israel,” [The Temple of Soloman.] In addition, the Temple Mount was where Jesus taught and overturned the moneychangers’ tables. {Mat 21:12-13. And Jesus went into the temple of God, and cast out all them that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the moneychangers, and the seats of them that sold doves, And said unto them, “It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves.”}
The Sanhedrin is the name given in the mishna to the council of seventy-one Jewish sages who constituted the Supreme Court and legislative body in Judea during the Roman period. The make-up of the council included a president, vice president, and sixty-nine general members who all sat in the form of a semi-circle when in session. Though the majority of the membership of the 71-member “new” Sanhedrin remain anonymous, three out of seven members who have been selected to represent the body are leaders of the Temple Mount movement, an array of radical groups who advocate demolishing the Al-Aqsa Mosque to make way for a third temple in Jerusalem. Further, the “new” Sanhedrin has confirmed its place within the Temple Mount Movement by announcing its intention to take steps toward the rebuilding of the temple. Subscribers to the Temple Mount Movement believe that, by rebuilding of the Temple, they can usher in a Messianic Era of eternal peace.[ref. Dan_7:20-25, Dan_8:9-12; Rev_13:11-13]
To understand better, we must turn to the Word of God.
Dan 9:26-27. And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined. And he[anti-christ] shall confirm the covenant with many for one week[7 years]: and in the midst of the week[3.5 years] he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the over-spreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.
The Doomsday Factor that we see today is the struggle over the land promised by God to Israel thru, Moses, Aaron & Abraham. “The threat of an attack by Jewish extremists on the Temple Mount is of great concern to Israeli security officials as Israel prepares to withdraw from Gaza, according to former Shin Bet head Avi Dichter. Security officials refer to the possibility as the “doomsday scenario.” An attack on the Temple Mount (Dome of The Rock) would be disastrous for Israel and the rest of the Christian world. Many would be killed, not only in Israel but the entire world. World War would break out.
Here is Gods promise to Israel. Deu 11:24 Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be yours: from the wilderness and Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto the uttermost sea shall your coast be. [ Ref; Gen_15:18-21; Exo_23:31; Num_34:3-15; Jos_1:3, Jos_1:4, Jos_14:9; 1Ki_4:21, 1Ki_4:24; 2Ch_9:26]
2Pe 2:6 And turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrha into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, making them an ensample unto those that after should live ungodly;
Zec 14:4 And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west, and there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south. 2Pe 2:12 But these, as natural brute beasts, made to be taken and destroyed, speak evil of the things that they understand not; and shall utterly perish in their own corruption; Mat 24:14 And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come. Luke 21:25 And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring; Rev 11:18 And the nations were angry, and thy wrath is come, and the time of the dead, that they should be judged, and that thou shouldest give reward unto thy servants the prophets, and to the saints, and them that fear thy name, small and great; and shouldest destroy them which destroy the earth.
Rev 13:7 And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: and power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations. Rev 18:3 For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies. Rev 14:8 And there followed another angel, saying, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, that great city, because she made all nations drink of the wine of the wrath of her fornication.
The end is coming, weather you believe or not. prophecy is being fulfilled and the doomsday factor has already started. Let me leave you with one last thought from Christ; ” I am come to send fire on the earth; and what will I, if it be already kindled?” [Luk_12:51, Luk_12:52; Isa_11:4; Joe_2:30,Joe_2:31; Mal_3:2, Mal_3:3, Mal_4:1; Mat_3:10-12] ars.

Temple of Spirit & Truth Ministries
A.R.Smith Sermons International
www.ourchurch.com/member/a/arsmithsermons/

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In order to implement VLANs in a network environment, you’ll need a Layer 2 switch that supports them. Almost all switches sold today that are described as “managed” switches provide the ability to make ports members of different VLANs. However, switches that don’t provide any configuration function (such as many basic, lower-end switches) don’t provide the ability to configure VLANs. Almost any Cisco Catalyst switch that you’ll come across today provides the ability to make ports part of different VLANs.

Before getting into the details of how a VLAN functions, it’s worth exploring some of the advantages that a VLAN provides. First and foremost, VLANs provide the ability to define broadcast domains without the constraint of physical location. For example, instead of making all of the users on the third floor part of the same broadcast domain, you might use VLANs to make all of the users in the HR department part of the same broadcast domain. The benefits of doing this are many. Firstly, these users might be spread throughout different floors on a building, so a VLAN would allow you to make all of these users part of the same broadcast domain. To that end, this can also be viewed as a security feature – since all HR users are part of the same broadcast domain, you could later use policies such as access lists to control which areas of the network these users have access to, or which users have access to the HR broadcast domain. Furthermore, if the HR department’s server were placed on the same VLAN, HR users would be able to access their server without the need for traffic to cross routers and potentially impact other parts of the network.

VLANs are defined on a switch on a port-by-port basis. That is, you might choose to make ports 1-6 part of VLAN 1, and ports 7-12 part of VLAN 2. There’s no need for ports in the same VLAN to be contiguous at all – you could make ports 1, 3 and 5 on a switch part of VLAN 1, for example. On almost all switches today, all ports are part of VLAN 1 by default. If you want to implement additional VLANs, these must first be defined in the switch’s software (such as the IOS on a Cisco switch), and then ports must be made members of that VLAN. A VLAN isn’t limited to a single switch, either. If trunk links are used to interconnect switches, a VLAN might have 3 ports on one switch, and 7 ports on another, as shown below. The logical nature of a VLAN makes it a very effective tool, especially in larger networking environments.

Inter-VLAN Communication

I mentioned a few times already that a VLAN is simply a special type of broadcast domain, in that it is defined on a switch port basis rather than on traditional physical boundaries. Recall from the earlier articles in this series that when a host in one broadcast domain wishes to communicate with another, a router must be involved. This same holds true for VLANs. For example, imagine that port 1 on a switch is part of VLAN 1, and port 2 part of VLAN 99. If all of the switch’s ports were part of VLAN 1, the hosts connected to these ports could communicate without issue. However, once the ports are made part of different VLANs, this is no longer true. In order for a host connected to port 1 to communicate with another connected to port 2, a router must be involved.

You may already be familiar with the concept of a Layer 3 switch. A Layer 3 switch is generally a Layer 2 switching device that also includes the ability to act as a router, usually through the use of additional hardware and software features. If a switch includes Layer 3 capabilities, it can be configured to route traffic between VLANs defined in the switch, without the need for packets to ever leave the switch. However, if a switch only includes Layer 2 functionaility, an external router must be configured to route traffic between the VLANs. In some cases, it’s entirely possible that a packet will leave switch port 1, be forwarded to an external router, and then be routed right back to port 2 on the originating switch. For this reason, many companies have decided to implement Layer 3 switches strategically throughout their network. Regardless of the method chosen, it’s most important for you to recognize that when a host on one VLAN wants to communicate with a host on another, a router must somehow be involved.

Extending VLANs Between Switches

In order to extend VLANs across different switches, a trunk link must interconnect the switches. Think of a trunk link as being similar to an uplink between hubs – usually a trunk link is implemented between fast switch ports on two different switches using a crossover cable. For example, you might interconnect two Gigabit Ethernet ports on different switches using fiber optics, or two 100 Mbps switch ports using a traditional Cat5 crossover cable. In most cases it is generally recommended that you use the fastest port available for trunk connections, since this link will often carry a great deal of traffic, possibly for multiple VLANs.

To begin, let’s assume that you have connected a link between the 100 Mbps ports of two switches, as shown below. Notice that each of these ports are members of VLAN 1 on each switch. By default, without any additional configuration, these ports will act as a trunk link, but will only pass traffic for the VLAN associated with their port connections – VLAN 1. This type of link, where only traffic for a single VLAN is passed, is referred to as an “Access Link”. While an access link does the job for a single VLAN environment, multiple access links would be required if you wanted traffic from multiple VLANs to be passed between switches. Having multiple access links between the same pair of switches would be a big waste of switch ports. Obviously another solution is required when traffic for multiple VLANs needs to be transferred across a single trunk link. The solution for this comes through the use of VLAN tagging.

VLAN Tagging

When you want traffic from multiple VLANs to be able to traverse a link that interconnects two switches, you need to configure a VLAN tagging method on the ports that supply the link. Although there are a number of tagging methods in use for different technologies, the two that you need to be aware of for the purpose of the CCNA exam are known as InterSwitch Link (ISL) and 802.1q. ISL is a Cisco proprietary VLAN tagging methods, while 802.1q is a open standard. When interconnecting two Cisco switches, ISL is usually the best choice, but if you need to interconnect switches of different types (a Cisco switch and an Avaya switch, for example), then you’ll need to use IETF.

For the CCNA exam, the only thing that you really need to know about 802.1q is that it is the open standard for VLAN tagging, and should be used in mixed environments. The exam expects you to have a somewhat deeper understanding of ISL, including how it works, when it can be used, and ultimately, its purpose.

First and foremost, you need to be aware that ISL will only function on ports with a speed of 100 Mbps or greater. That is, you cannot use ISL in conjunction with a 10 Mbps port. That shouldn’t be an issue, since most Cisco Catalyst switches provide at least one or two Fast Ethernet ports, even on lower-end models like the 1912. Secondly, the ports on either end of the link need to support and be configured for ISL.

ISL is referred to as a VLAN tagging method. Essentially, what ISL does is tag a frame as it leaves a switch with information about the VLAN that the frame belongs to. For example, if a frame from VLAN 99 is leaving a switch, the ISL port will add information to the frame header, designating that the frame is part of VLAN 99. When this ISL frame reaches the port at the other end of the switch, it will look at the ISL header, determine that the frame is meant for VLAN 99, will strip off the ISL information, and will forward it into VLAN 99. One of the issues with VLAN tagging is that by adding information to an Ethernet frame, the size of the frame can move beyond the Ethernet maximum of 1518 bytes, to 1522 bytes. Because of this, all non-ISL ports will see frames larger than 1518 bytes as giants, and as such, invalid. This is the reason why a port needs to be configured for ISL in order for it to understand this different frame format.

One VLAN tagging is configured on the ports associated with the link connecting switches, the link is known as a “Trunk Link”. A trunk link is capable of transferring frames from many different VLANs through the use of technologies like ISL or 802.1q.

A better strategy here would be to configure ISL tagging on one of the router’s Fast Ethernet interfaces, and then configure ISL on the connected switch port. This configuration, also known as a “router on a stick”, would allow the router to process the traffic of multiple VLANs, and route traffic between them. We’ll get into the details of routing within the next few articles.

Beyond its intended purpose of configuring trunk links between switches, ISL is often used in other ways. For example, it is possible to purchase network interface cards that support ISL. If a server were configured with an ISL-capable network card, it could be connected to an ISL port on a switch.

This would allow a server to be made part of multiple VLANs simultaneously, the benefit being that hosts from different broadcast domains could then access the server without the need for their packets to be routed. While this may seem like a perfect solution, you need to remember than the server would now see all traffic from these VLANs, which could negatively impact performance.

I hope this article has provided you the good information about the Vlans.

This articles is submitted by Kashif Raza http://www.networkingtutorials.net

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